Svartiska

Svartiska – Urukîjab

Svartiska (lit. “blackish” in Swedish) or urukgîjab, the language’s own word for itself, or LARP-orcish is the orcish dialect of the Swedish LARPs which were developed in the mid 1990’s. Zhâburi is developed from Svartiska with the intention to bring it closer to Hurrian and the Ring inscription.

The dialect was and is mostly a spoken language and it has never been a very coherent language. It was never intended to be a version of Tolkien’s Black Speech. As a simple language created for Swedish LARPers its grammatical structure is basically Indo-European and in practice germanic. Its vocabulary encompasses about 2300-3000 words.  An English wordlist can be found on the Black Speech Shool (of the Land of Shadow dialect) site. In the end of this article there is a swadesh list which in addition to Svartiska also list words from other dialects. 

The Languages was developed in several stages. The earliest that I know of was for the LARP Trenne Byar in 1994. At first its grammar was very basic but later on an extensive case system was developed but, to my experience, it was not used in practice except for the inessive. The more extensive grammar was put together by Mikael “Adragoor” Bynke but I have added some additional grammar, especially of the verb.

It should be noted that the language was developed for the purpose of LARP and the typical orc cultures of Swedish LARPs and not Tolkien’s Middle Earth. The typical Swedish LARP-orc are nomadic and schamanistic living in small bands divided into clans. The Tolkien orc, especially those of Mordor, Isangard Angmar and Angband are soldiers of mass armies with no clear religion. But the Tolkien orcs has always been ideal. With that said the language has been used in LARPS set in Tolkien’s Middle Earth most notable I Skuggan av Ringen (lit. In the Shadow of the Ring), also known by its acronym ISAR, in 2002 and Utumno in 2012. 

Because the Svartiska dialect is mostly a spoken language for LARPs it is not very well suited for writing. There are several different alternative grammatical rules and there are a lot of gaps. I have started to develop a standard Svartiska for writing which I call Urukgîjab Maushuga (Written Orcish) which can be contrasted to Urukgîjab Jabatuga, or Spoken Orcish. In the text below I have marked the rules for the Maushuga in bold and added some commentaries. I have underlined the Jabatuga rules.

1. Phonology
   1. Consonants
   2. Vowels
   3. Stress
2. The Noun
   1. The article
   2. Cases
   3. Numerals
3. Verb
   1. Infinitive
   2. Tenses
   3. Imperative
   4. Participle
4. Adjective
   1. Positive
   2. Comparative
   3. Superlative
5. Pronouns
   1. Personal pronouns
   2. Reflexive pronouns
   3. Demonstrative pronouns
6. Derivative affixes
7. Numerals
8. Word order
9. Comparison of different dialects of  Svartiska – The Ring Verse
   1. Analytical and synthetic Svartiska
   2. Svartiska and the Original Black Speech
      

Phonology

Consonants	According to Adragoor	Actual practice in my experience
b	as in English
d	as in English
f	as in English
g	hard as in English goat
h	something between English h in high and Spanish j	Normal H as in high
j	Like Y in you
k	as in English
l	as in English
m	as in English
n	as in English
p	as in English
r	as in German or French	or as in Russian or Scottish
s	as in English sing
t	as in English
v	as in English
z	as in English	or like S (unvoiced) or like a German Z (i.e. ts)
ch	like German ach or Scotish loch	or Swedish sje-sound, ipa /ɧ/, between vowels affricative as in English chair; Maushuga a affricative as in English chair.
th	Like th in three
dh	Like th in they
gh	Aspirated G	like G
kh	as K in English	Maushuga: like German ach or Scotish loch
ll	an L pronounced in the back of the mouth	like L
sh	like German ich	or as SH in shop
zh	like French j in journal	or like Z or S

1.2 Vowels
The vowels are a, e, i, o, u. Long vowels are marked by circumflex; â, ê, î, ô, û or accent á é, í, ó, ú. They are pronounced roughly like this; a as a short form of the middle a in banana, e as in exit,i as in sit, u as a short form of the ‘u’ in rude, o as in offer. The long vowels are pronounced the same way as the short ones but lengthened.

Maushuga: the accent (´) is used to mark stress long vowels are marked with the circumflex (^).

1.3. Stress.
No explicit rules for stress but in my experience the stress falls on the first syllable or any long vowel. Endings attached to words with a hyphen such as -hai or -ishi are treated as words and are stressed accordingly. The word ‘za’ is only stressed when it is used as a pronoun, when used as an article it is unstressed. 

Examples, stressed syllables are underlined: a) uruk “orc”, b) uruk-hai “elite orc” or “orc-folk” (depending on dialect), burzum-ishi “in (the) darkness”, c) za snaga “that slave” d) za snaga “the slave”, e) zasnaga “the slave”, f) urukûk “all orcs”

2. The Noun

2.1 The article

2.1.1 The indefinite article is ash, the same as the word for one. Example: ash uruk “an orc” (or “one orc”). This corresponds to Scandinavian languages.

2.1.2 The definitive article is za. It can be used in two different ways. Either as a word in its own right like the definitive article ‘the’ in English or as a prefix of the noun. In Scandinavian languages the definitive articles are suffixes. If the definitive article is prefixed and the noun beginns with a vowel a hyphen is inserted between the prefix and the noun.

Maushuga: the article is attached to the noun so it is more clearly destinguished from the personal pronoun. The articles are only used in the nominative case.

The most common usage in my experience is that it is used as ‘the’ in English.

Ex. a) Za uruk “the orc”; b) za-uruk; c) za shum uruk “the big orc”; d) shum za-uruk “the big orc”.

Note that za also covers the personal pronoun in third person singular neutral, i.e. ‘it’  and demonstrative pronouns ‘this’ and ‘that’.    

2.2 Cases
The Svartiska has seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, locative, inessive, instrumental, equative (called ‘similative’ by Adragoor).  All the case endings except the genitive and instrumental can be, and is usually so used, as prepositions. Other prepositions are used for the genitive and instrumental.

The articles are often droped for nouns in oblique cases, i.e. all cases except the nominative. 

Maushuga: the articles are only used in the nominative case and the only prepositions used are those that do not overlap with the cases.

2.2.1 Nominative
Suffix: –Ø
The nominative marks the subject or the direct object of the sentence and is marked by the null ending -Ø. The difference between subject and direct object is indicated by the word order or context. Usually the subject precedes the direct object.

Ex. a) uruk ‘orc’; b) snaga ‘slave’; c) ghâsh ‘fire’; d) Za uruk durbat za snaga ‘The orc (subject) rules the slave (direct object)’.

2.2.2 Genitive
Suffix: –ob; -b
Marks possessive, association or membership. Much like the ending –s or preposition of in English. The suffix -ob is used with nouns ending with a consonant exept for l or r;  the final vowel disappears in the latter case. The suffix -b is used with nouns ending in a vowel or either of the consonants l or r.

Ex. a) Za-urukob nazg “the orc’s ring”; b) Za-snagab ghâsh “the slave’s fire”; c) Za-uruk lugob “The orc of the tower”.

Instead of genitive the preposition raz, the equalent of English ‘of’ can be used. This is not used as often as of-constructions in English.

2.2.3 Dative
Suffix: –ûr
The dative marks the indirect object and answears the question “to whom?”.

Ex. “The slave gives the gold to the orc”
a) Zasnaga nârthrakat artûk urukûr
b) Zanaga nârthrakat artûk ûr za-uruk.

2.2.4 Locative
Suffixe: –ûsh
Marks the location of an object
Ex. a) Urukûsh “at the orc”; b) snagûsh “by the slave”; c) ûsh za uruk “at the orc”.

2.2.5 Inessive
Suffix: –ishi
Marks that the object is inside the noun.
Ex.“in the darkness” a) zaburzumishi; b) ishi za burzum; c) burzumishi

2.2.6. Instrumental
Suffix: -ûgl, –ugla
The instrument of an action, answers question using which thing?
Ex. a) Mat zatark vargrrafûgl “Kill the human with the flail”; b) Mat zatark vargrrafugla “Kill the human with the flail”.

Instead of the instrumental case one can use the preposition gulb; ex. Mat zatark gulb zavargrraf “Kill the human with the flail”.

Maushuga: the –ûgl-ending is used in plural and collective plural.

2.2.7 Similative/Equative
Suffix –ârz
Marks a comparison or an equality: ‘like’.
Ex. “ugly as an elf” a) Shêmatut golugârz; b) Shêmatut arz ash golug”.  

2.3 Numerals

Singular, null ending –Ø (no ending)

Plural, the suffix is attached after the case ending.
After consonants suffix –i or in some dialects –û (rarely used).
After vowels suffix –z
Ex. a) uruki “orcs”; b) urukû “orcs”; c) snagaz “slaves”

Collective plural suffix –ûk
The collective plural is taken from the ring inscription were suffix is attached to a verb. It is more common to use it as a seperate word preceeding the noun.

Ex. a) urukûk “all orcs”; b) snagaûk “all slaves”; c) ûk uruk “all orcs”.

Maushuga: the û-ending is used for adjectives describing nouns in plural and collective plural.

All case endings

	Singular	Plural	Collective plural
Nominativ	-Ø	-i, -z, (-û)	-ûk
Genitiv	–ob	–obi	-obûk
Dativ	-ûr	-ûri	-ûrûk
Instrumental	-ûgl/-ugla	–ûgli/-uglaz	–ûglûk/-uglaûk
Inessive	–ishi	–ishiz	-ishûk
Locative	-ûsh	-ûshi	-ûshûk
Similative/Equative	-ârz	-ârzi	-ârzûk

The Verb

The verb system of the Svartiska is quite messy with several different ways of expressing the same meaning. It is quite easy to create new verbs by simple adding the verbal endings to the noun (much like in Scandinavian languages).

The most common practice is to always use the -at ending, which is a practical way to communicate that one is talking about an action in a communicative context where few or none of the speakers fully understands the language they use.

Adragoor’s grammar does not describe past tense form perfect or the present tense formed with the prefix ug-.

3.1 Infinitive
Suffix –at
The infinitive marks what could be called the abstract of an action. The ending -at is the same as the present tense and sometimes the imperative as well.

Ex. a) jab “tounge”, “language” > jabat “to speak”

3.2 Tempus
Tempus marks when an action takes place. The Svartiska expresses past present and future tenses.

3.2.1 Past
The past tense has two different forms. The preteritum and the prefect.

3.2.1.1 Preterite

a) Suffix: –ul
b) Suffix: –atul

Examples: “spoke” a) jabul; b) jabatul

3.2.1.1 Perfect

a) Prefix: uga–
b) Circumfix: uga– | –at
c) uga preceeding the infinitive

Examples: “has spoken” a) ugajab; b) ugajabat; c) Uga jabat

3.2.2 Present
a) Suffix: –at
b) Prefix: ug–
c) Circumfix: ug– | –at

Examples: “speaks” a) jabat; b) ugjab; c) ugjabat

3.2.3 Future
a) Suffix –ub
b) Suffix –atub
c) ub preceeding the infinitive

Examples: “will speak” a) jabub; b) jabatub; c) ub jabat

3.3 Imperative
a) Suffix –Ø
b) –at

Examples: command  “speak” a) jab; b) jabat

3.4 Participles

3.4.1 Active/present parciple
a) Suffix –ug
b) Suffix –atug

Examples: “speaking” a) jabug; b) jabatug

3.4.2 Passive/preterite parciple
a) Suffix –uga
b) Suffix –atuga

Examples: “beaten” a) flakuga; b) flakatuga

4. Adjectives
Adragoor describes two systems for adjectives. The first system (examples indicated by ‘a’) is the most common. It is unclear how the second system’s adjective endings are connected to words ending in vowels.

4.1 Positive
Suffix: –Ø
Example: shum “big”, sta “little”, “small”

4.2 Comparative
a) Suffix: –am
b) Suffix: –ó

Examples:
1) “bigger” 1 a) shumam; 1 b) shumó
2) “smaller” 2 a) stam; 2 b) staó

4.3 Superlative
a) Suffix: –aj
b) Suffix: –um

Examples:
1) “biggest” 1 a) shumaj; 1 b) shumum
2) “smallest” 2 a) staj; 2 b) staó

Maushuga: the adjectives corresponds to numerus and take the ending -û: Ash shum olog (a big troll) > Mash shumû ologi (two big trolls); ash sta snaga (a small slave) > Mash stau snagaz (two small slaves); shumamû ologi (bigger trolls); stamû snagaz (smaller slaves); zá shumajû za-ologi (the biggest trolls); zá stajû zasnagaz (the smallest slaves).

5. Pronouns
Pronouns are words used instead of nouns lika I, you, what, someone and are inflicted in all cases.

5.1 Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are words like I, you, me, them. The genitive case is used for possessive pronouns like mine, your, its. There are two personal pronouns in the third person plural “they/them”; ‘tak’ and ‘tul’, the first being the more common as described by Adragoor. The second, ‘tul’, was coined by myself before I had access to any grammar and used by only a few; it is not described by Adragoor. I have included it because it is more in line whith the original Black Speech (see paragraph 9.2 below).

Table 5.2 Personal pronouns of Svartiska  in all cases

Jabatuga: only use Nominative and genitive. Direct object is marked by word order: subject precedes object.

Pronoun	English	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Inessive	Instrumental	Locative	Equative
Singular	Subject	Subject/direct object	of; possessive	for	in	with	at	like
1 person	I	Gur	Gurb	Gurûr	Gurishi	Gurûgl/-ugla	Gurûsh	Gurârz
2 person	you	Lat	Latob	Latûr	Latishi	Latûgl/-ugla	Latûsh	Latârz
3 person neutral	it	Za	Zab	Zar	Zashi	Zaûgl/-ugla	Zaûsh	Zârz
3 person maskuline	he	Ta	Tab	Tar	Tashi	Taûgl/-ugla	Taûsh	Târz
3 person feminine	she	Na	Nab	Nar	Nashi	Naûgl/-ugla	Naûsh	Nârz
Plural
1 person	we	Guri	Gurobi	Gurûri	Gurishiz	Gurûgli/-uglaz	Gurûshi	Gurârzi
2 person	you	Lati	Latobi	Latûri	Latishiz	Latûgli/-uglaz	Latûshi	Latârzi
3 person	they	Tak; tul	Takob; tulb	Takûr; tulûr	Takishi; tulishi	Takûgl/-ugla; tulugla	Takûsh; tulûsh	Takârzi; tulârz
Collective
1 person	we all	Gurûk	Gurbûk	Gurûrûk	Gurishûk	Gurûglûk	Gurûshûk	Gurârzûk
2 person	you all	Latûk	Latobûk	Latûrûk	Latishûk	Latûglûk	Latûshûk	Latârzûk
3 person	them all	Takûk; tulûk	Takobûk; Tulbûk	Takûrûk; tulûrûk	Takishûk; tulishûk	Takûglûk; tuluglûk	Takûshûk; tulûshûk	Takârzûk; tulârzûk

5.3 Reflexive pronouns

	English	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Inessive	Instrumental	Equative
Singular	Subject	Subject/direct object	of; possessive	for	at	in	with	like
1 person	Myself	Gurbgur	Gurbgurob	Gurbgur	Gurbgurûsh	Gurbgurishi	Gurbgurugla	Gurbgurârz
2 person	Yourself	Latobgur	Latobgurob	Latobgur	Latobgurûsh	Latobgurishi	Latobgurugla	Latobgurârz
3 person neutral	Itself	Zabgur	Zabgurob	Zabgur	Zabgurûsh	Zabgurishi	Zabgurugla	Zabgurârz
3 person maskuline	Himself	Tabgur	Tabgurob	Tabgur	Tabgurûsh	Tabgurishi	Tabgurugla	Tabgurârz
3 person feminine	Herself	Nabgur	Nabgurob	Nabgur	Nabgurûsh	Nabgurishi	Nabgurugla	Nabgurârz
Plural
1 person	Ourself	Gurbiguri	Gurbigurobi	Gurbigurûri	Gurbigurûshi	Gurbigurishiz	Gurbiguruglaz	Gurbigurârzi
2 person	Your self	Latobiguri	Latobigurobi	Latobigurûri	Latobigurûshi	Latobigurishiz	Latobiguruglaz	Latobigurârzi
3 person	Themself	Takobguri	Takobgurobi	Takobgurûri	Takobgurûshi	Takobgurishiz	Takobguruglaz	Takobgurârzi

5.3 Demonstrative pronouns

	English	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Inessive	Instrumental	Equative
Singular	This; that	za	zab	zâr	zâsh	zashi	zagla/zâgl	zârz
Plural	Those	zaz	zabi	zâri	zâshi	zashiz	zaglaz/zâgli	zârzi
Collective	All those	zazûk	zabûk	zârûk	zâshûk	zashûk	zâglûk	zârzûk

5.4 Interrogative pronouns
These are the interrogative pronouns listed by Adragoor

	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Inessive	Instrumental	Equative
What/who	ur	urb	urûr	urûsh	urishi	urugla	urârz
Which	zaur	zaurob	zaurûr	zaurûsh	zaurishi	zaurugla	zaurârz

5.5 Indefinite pronouns

Indefinitive pronouns	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Inessive	Instrumental	Equative
Someone, something	kon	konob	konûr	konûsh	konishi	konugla	konârz
All, everyone	ûk	ûkob	ûkûr	ûkûsh	ûkishi	ûkugla	ûkârz

6. Derivative affixes

Affix	Meaning
Listed by Adragoor
-at	Creates verbs from nouns, e.g. ghâsh “fire” > ghâshat “to burn”, “to fire”
-urz	Creates adjectives from nouns, e.g. ghâsh “fire” > ghashurz “hot”
-um	Creates nouns of adjectives, e.g. burz “dark” > burzum “darkness”
-atâr	Creates agents or job titles, e.g. ush “combat” > ushatâr “warrior”
Additional
ga-	Creates alternative verbs from verbs, e.g. throkat “to eat” > gathrokat “to cook food” which in turn can be combined with other affixes, e.g. gathrokat > gathrokatâr “cook”
-ú	creates concreate nouns
mi-	creates nouns or alternative nouns
ka-	Creates alternative nouns dar “house” > kadar “tent”

7. Numerals

0 – Asg, Azg; Narkon “nothing, none, no one”
1 – Ash
2 – Mash
3 – Nam
4 – Ruk
5 – Krak
6 – Ulm
7 – Udu
8 – Nog
9 – Krith
10 – Nuk
11 – Ulb
12 – Num

13 – Ash mâgh agh nam
14 –  Ash mâgh agh ruk
20  – Mash mâgh
21 – Mash mâgh agh ash
107 – Nuk mâgh agh udu

No rules for counting higher than 129

8. Word order
The normal word order of Svartiska is Subject (S) verb (V) object (O) just as in English. Ex. Gur gonat lat “I see you”.

In questions the word order can be either the  reversed (as in Swedish). Ex. Gonat gur lat? “Do I see you?”or with with question particle ‘ur’. With ‘ur’ the word order can either be the normal SVO or the reversed VSO. Ex. Ur gur gonat lat? (“what/do” I  see you) or Ur gonat gur lat? (“what”/do see I you).

9. Comparison of different dialects of  Svartiska – The Ring Verse

Here are some examples texts of the Ring verse in Svartiska. Please notice that Svartiska has a lot of synonyms so there are many possible variations. The purpose here is to compare the grammar. The examples are divided into to extremes of analytical and synthetic variants. Note that the actual dialects in use are more divided. The most common variant is to use the genitive and inessive cases and the definite article as a free standing word.

9.1 Analytical and synthetic Svartiska

Example text, the Ring Inscription in two versions one analytical, i.e. using prepositions and the free standing definitive article; and one synthetic i.e. using cases and the article as a prefix. I have used ‘tak’ for the third person personal pronoun plural because it is far more common even though ‘tul’ is nearer the original Black Speech. Adragoor for example didn’t describe ‘tul’. 

	Analytical	Synthetic	English
1	Nam nazgi ûr za golugdurubi lata za gah	Nam nazgi zagolugdurubûri zagahûsh	Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,
2	Udu ûr za gazathgothi ishi takob hajati raz gund	Udu zagazathgothûri takob hajatishiz gundob	Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,
3	Krith ûr maturz tak ugagîk at gamat	Krith maturz takûr ugagîk gamat	Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,
4	Ash ûr za burz shakh tala tab burz solî	Ash burz zashakhûr burz solîshi tab	One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne
5	Ishi za burzuzg al ti za burzi	Zaburzuzgishi al ti zaburzi	In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.
6	Ash nazg durbat tak ûk,	Ash nazg durbat takûk,	One Ring to rule them all,
7	Ash nazg gimbat tak	Ash nazg gimbat tak	One Ring to find them,
8	Ash nazg thrakat tak ûk	Ash nazg thrakat takûk	One Ring to bring them all,
9	agh ishi za burzum krimptat tak	agh zaburzumishi krimpat tak	and in the darkness bind them,
10	Ishi za burzuzg al ti za burzi	Zaburzuzgishi al ti zaburzi	In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.

9.2 Svartiska and the Original Black Speech

A comparision of the svartiska versions with the original. Here I have used the pronoun ‘tul’ instead.

	Analytical	Synthetic	Tolkien’s Black Speech
1	Ash nazg durbat tul ûk,	Ash nazg durbat tulûk,	Ash nazg durbatulûk
2	Ash nazg gimbat tul	Ash nazg gimbat tul	Ash nazg gimbatul
3	Ash nazg thrakat tul ûk	Ash nazg thrakat tulûk	Ash nazg thrakatulûk
4	agh ishi za burzum krimptat tul	agh zaburzumishi krimpat tul	Agh burzum-ishi krimpatul

Note that the articles often are dropped when words stand in oblique cases such as the inessiv which gives for the synthetics variant line 4 “agh burzumishi krimpat tul” which is more in line with the original.

Swadesh list
Here is a swadesh list in English, Swedish (Svenska) and the Black/Orc Speech dialects Svartiska, Land of Shadow (LoS), Horngoth and Middle Earth Role Playing Game (MERP). In the Svartiska column I have used a semicolon (;) to mark which words that I’m familiar with or that they are not widely used in my experience. The words that I deem as most often used precedes the semicolon. I have listed the other dialects because it’s interesting to see how the words of the different dialects overlap. And the spirit of Svartiska is that the more words the better. I have coined some new words. These are marked by an asterisk (*). I have marked words that are the same or very similar in bold, underline or italic in that order. I have not made any analysis but it seems to me that the biggest overlaps are between Svartiska and MERP on the one hand and LoS and Horngoth on the other hand. The Svartiska dialect is the most inclusive and has the most synonyms and shared words with other dialects.

English	Svenska	Svartiska	LoS	Horngoth	MERP
I (Pers.Pron.1.Sg.)	jag	gur	izg	da
You (2.sg)	du	lat	lat	lat	lat
we (inclusive)	vi	guri; nak	izgu	dak
this	den här	za; zalo, zaurz	za	za
that	den där	za	za, zamal	zab	ajog, alag
who?	vem	úrkon	amirz
what?	vad	ur; ma	mash	mash
not	inte, ej, icke	nar; asgâjâ	nar	nar	nar
all (of a number)	alla	ûk	ûk	ûk	gith
many	många	shum; mak	turu	shum, turs	shum
one	en, ett	ash	ash	ash	ni
two	två	mash	krul		shun
big	stor	shum	dur	shum, dur, ma	madh
long (not wide)	lång	muzg	sigûrz	rodh	gajat, gûjat
small	liten	sta; mik, staurz	gaz, nardur	sta, gaz, staurz	vogal
woman	kvinna	nashra, makatok
man (adult male human)	man	shara	shara	shar
person (individual human)	person	uruk, snaga; shra	shra		vot
fish (noun)	fisk	poshak	plûb	poshak	poshak
bird	fågel	shapênd, flauthalaj; gûmalaj	fîl	shapênd, fulug	shapênd, zog
dog	hund	shnuti, snût	ath	huk	kon
louse	lus	plosh		plosh
tree (not log)	träd	molg	orn		laus
seed (noun)	säd	sru, blúg, olb, fargu	blûg	blûg, far, olb	far
leaf (botanics)	löv	flot; gathl
root (botanics)	rot	rânaz, bughn	bugh	bukh, rânaz	rânaz
bark (of tree)	bark	lavozâgh			lavozâgh
skin (person’s)	skinn, hud	lush	rîp
flesh (meat, flesh)	kött	mauskat; barz, macha, tû, kuru (orc meat)	tû		maushat
blood	blod	blog, gîjak; krov	grish	grishan	gîjak
bone	ben(knota)	asht; tach, thach	asht, takh	asht, shal
grease (fat, organic substance)	fett	ûndur	tûm	dhlam	dajambat
egg	ägg	voz; rakh	foz		voz, vo
horn (of bull etc.)	horn	brî	brî, ras	bri	bri
tail	svans	baush; baushat	baush	baush	baushat
feather (large, not down)	fjäder	flauth	flauth	flauth
hair (on head of humans)	hår	flok; kaum	flok	flok	flok, kaum
head (anatomic)	huvud	dur	kâr	dur, kâr	kok, kri, dur
ear	öra	kaznog	khlât	ous	vosh
eye	öga	gog	hont	o	su
nose	näsa, nos	shnosh, snosh	glup	nash	hund
mouth	mun	bugd; mog, goj, korlash	pu, pumog	bugud	goj, korlash
tooth	tand	dhâmab; tath	glok	kug	dhâmab
tongue (anatomical)	tunga	jab; jâb, gûjâb	lâm, pugh	pugh	gûjâb
claw	klo	bukra; zûr, krûpû	koth	bukra	kathotar, krûpû
foot (not leg)	fot	vra		olkur	kamab
knee	knä	okh*
hand	hand	bazg; nalg	nâkh	nâkh	doram
belly (lower part of body, abdomen)	mage	lugûth; thlûn	thlûn	thlûn	lugûth
neck (not nape)	hals	fût; gol, barn, mâsl, kadaf	mâsl	kadaf	fût, kadaf
breasts (female)	bröst (kvinna)	froharna
heart	hjärta	zêmar	hûn	hûrs	zêmar
liver	lever	kahosh*
drink (verb)	dricka	pau–	akr–	akr-, pau–	pau–
eat (verb)	äta	throk-; ha–	throqu–		ha–
bite (verb)	bita	kafsog-; natath-	glok–	glûk–	kafsog–
see (verb)	se	gon-; hu–	hon–	shar-, zut-	shof-
hear (verb)	höra	kazn-; kasp-	khlâr-, koz–	koz–	daggog-
know (facts)	veta	atâr-; gursh-	îst-	khatr-
sleep (verb)	sova	vot-; flo–	dhûl-, flogr–	dhûl–	flo–
die (verb)	dö	mat-; zábra-	mat–	mat–	mat–
kill (verb)	döda	ma-; krak-, matum-, vrást-, vûras-	az-	az-	drep-, mabus-, vras–
swim (verb)	simma	vraplash-; notog-			notog-
fly (verb)	flyga	flauth-; gûm-	skoi-
walk (verb)	gå	vr-, vra-	ulkh–	olk–
come (verb)	komma	pot-; pôt–	skât-	pôt-
lie (on side, recline)	ligga	gât-*	kât–
sit (verb)	sitta	vraut-, rau–	duz-	ra–	rrau–
stand (verb)	stå	lurz-	gund–	gund–
give (verb)	ge	narthrak-; dar–	thrak-, thrâk-	thrak-	dar–
say (verb)†	säga	jab-; jâb-	gashn-, ghashn-
sun	sol	drau, dil; shol	an	drau	dîl
moon (not 1952)†	måne	hân	rân	lût	hân
star	stjärna	vir, ûlûrag	ilz	ulun	vir
water (noun)	vatten	plash; floch, jut	nîn	odur, ulu	jut
rain (noun, 1952 verb)	regn(a)	shau		shau	shau
stone	sten	gund, gur	gund	gund	gund, gur
sand	sand	rar	rar	rar	rar, shurr
earth (soil)	jord	tok; tere, gunkh	ghâmp	gunkh	tok
cloud (not fog)	moln	mîgul; ro	ro	ro	ro
smoke (noun, of fire)	rök	trim, krim; krich	bhraf	bhredh, sulum	tum
fire	eld	ghâsh	ghâsh	ghâsh	ghâsh
ash(es)	aska	hîsht, hî
burn (verb intr.!)	bränna	nagâshat, ghâsh–	ghâsh–	ghâsh–	dig-
path	stig	vosh; nalgh, shatog, shûg	shatog	shûm, shatog	rrug, shatog
mountain (not hill)	berg	uzg, mal	urbh, urbhâr	urbhâr	mal
red (colour)	röd	bolg, krovûrz	karn	grish	kuku, rauzg
green (colour)	grön	gilbat, balograt	uzul	luz	gilbat, balorat
yellow (colour)	gul	vordug; sholûrz	mâl	olagh, sholûrz	vordog, gul
white (colour)	vit	bardu, drau	nink	drau, nink	bardh
black (colour)	svart	bu, zi, zí,	mor	bûrz	zau, bu
night	natt	burzum	bûrz	bûrz	nat
hot (adjective)	het, varmt	nazot, ghâshûrz	muzûrz, muz	ghâshûrz	nazot
cold	kallt	graz; fatoft, fâtofân	graz, narghâsh	graz, fâtofân	fatoft
full	full	ûk	gûk
new	ny	rau	fîn, ûn	rau, ûn	rau
good	bra	or, mîr; zark	bhog	bhog, or
round (not 1952)†	rund	roth	rag, roth	raug, roth	roth
dry (substance)	torr (substans)	thug, thag, thagûrz	thagûrz	thagûrz	thag
name	namn	um	bugud	bugud